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Grandfather and grandson

21/3/2023

 
By John Considine
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After winning Saturday’s Milan – Sanremo, Matthew van der Pol was asked if it was special to win the cycling race that his grandfather had won sixty years earlier.  His reply was, “For sure, not only because he won it.  It’s one Monument every rider wants to win one day”.  After the race I decided to revisit The Monuments by Peter Cossins in an effort to discover what the grandfather had achieved.  What I found there added to the enjoyment of the race.
 
Van der Poel’s grandfather “… Raymond Poulidor, ‘The Eternal Second’ who finished on the Tour de France podium eight time but never won it, … not only missed out on the Tour title, but never even managed to spend a day in the Tour’s fabled yellow jersey”.  Why would anybody be surprised that it might be extra special for his grandson?  And there is more.  Peter Cossins tells a wonderful tale about Poulidor’s victory.  It starts with explaining how Poulidor “had decided to quit the race when he punctured in Varazze 125km from the finish and had to wait two minutes before Mercier team manager Antonin Magne appeared on the scene ...”.  Magne’s strategic contribution to the victory is worth reading.
 
There are five parts to The Monuments – one for each of the races.  Within each part there are four chapters.  These chapters have a chronological order.  While it is primarily a documentary account of how each race was won, it is more than just a sporting history.  Ernest Hemmingway and Rudolph Valentino make a brief appearance.  Politics is ever present in the book.  Mussolini looms large.  A decree renaming Sanremo as San Remo being the most obvious example.  His regime is viewed as contributing to the reduction in foreign cyclists during the 1930s.  This is not surprising in a sport where national identity is important for the cyclists, fans, and promoters.  It is best captured in the words of the Italian Fausto Coppi after his 1946 win over a French rival.  Coppi said, “My compatriots, who were weary and embittered by the war, were counting on me to bring them some satisfaction”.
 
Economics also runs through the chapters.  In the early years, there is an explanation of the incentives for newspapers to establish and promote the race to a public who were heavily dependant on the bicycle in their everyday life.  Later, as motorised bikes and cars become affordable, there is a discussion of the implications for team sponsorship.  There are some wonderful descriptions of how cyclists would be provided with tangible incentives to win particular races.  Lorries and sports cars being promised by those associated with the teams.  There are financial incentives agreed between cyclists for cooperative effort or cooperative reduction in effort.  And, throughout there is an account of how race organisers adapted the challenge of the route to provide a test for the riders and spectacle for the fans.
 
It is a lovely book that primarily examines the human stories about what happened on the road.  It does not shy away from the darker side of the desire to win.  Banned substances appear more frequently in later chapters but they are also there in the early years.  By not turning a blind eye to what was happening, Cossins allows the reader to understand the context where the blind-eyed Biagio Cavanna openly aided rider performance with “substances designed to fortify them”.  The human context frames our response.  I got more enjoyment out of van der Poel’s win after reading about his grandfather.

European Sport Economics Association Conference 2023

20/3/2023

 
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By Robbie Butler

The 14th European Sport Economics Association (ESEA) Conference will be held at University College Cork from the 23rd - 25th August 2023 and is being hosted by the Centre for Sports Economics and Law (CSEL). Abstract submissions are welcome relating to any area of sports economics, including theoretical, empirical and conceptual papers.
 
The deadline for submission is just 11 days away - 31st of March 2023.

Full details on the call for papers, keynote speakers, the preceding PhD student workshop and conference events can be found online at https://www.cubsucc.com/esea-home/.

Papers presented at the conference will be invited to be submitted to the conference issue of the International Journal of Sport Finance (IJSF).

Economic Impact of the Cheltenham Fesitval

14/3/2023

 
By Robbie Butler

Last week a special report by the University of Gloucestershire shed light on the economic impact of the 4-day Cheltenham Festival which starts again today. The study, which was first conducted in 2016, finds that the event was worth an estimated £274 million to the local economy. This is a huge jump (no pun intended) on the 2016 figure when the Festival was estimated to be worth £100 million to the town.

From a sample of more than 4,000 racegoers, the key findings  from the project, led by the University’s Finance in Society Research Institute (FSRI), were: 
  • The total economic impact (direct and indirect) of the 2022 Cheltenham Festival is estimated at £274 million – up from an estimate of around £100 million when the project was last undertaken in 2016.
  • More than half of racegoers make a return trip to and from Cheltenham on the day they attend The Festival.
  • Of those not making a return trip to the town, about a third of attendees arrive a day or more before The Festival and stay at least a day or more after the festival. 
  • The average expenditure of attendees at The Festival increased from £584 in 2016 to £697 in 2022. 
  • Attending The Festival was on the ‘bucket list of things to do’ for two-thirds of the participants (67%), and more than half (53%) of respondents ‘always or usually attend’ the Festival (source here).

1 in 3 attendees was from outside of the UK, and no doubt the vast majority of these came from Ireland. Follow-up studies are promised and it will be interesting to see how this research develops. 

Another Football Myth?

9/3/2023

 
By David Butler

Commentating on Manchester City vs Newcastle last week, Sue Smith spoke about the impact of Newcastle’s loss in the League Cup final. To paraphrase - she suggested that the League Cup losers league performance can suffer after a final defeat. I suppose the folk theory goes that losing in a final carries debilitating psychological effects that spill over into the league. What tweaked my interest was that she used the term ‘statistically’ when discussing this.

For non-football fans the League Cup final occurs mid-season in the English football calendar, usually taking place about round 25-27 (late February to mid-March) of the League tournaments. This cup competition runs parallel to the League and the other major cup competition, the FA Cup.

So do the negative effects of a League Cup final loss during the mid-season spill over into the League? The basic stats would suggest not.

From 1992/1993 up to 2021/2022 there has been 24 League Cup finals where the loser was a Premier League team – looking at the points per match accumulated before and after the final, this has actually increased 13 times and only decreased 11 times. So, more losing finalists actually have a greater points per game ratio after a league cup final defeat.

Of course, there have been some catastrophic collapses after a League Cup final loss – Leeds 1995/96 season being the most obvious. Arsenal's decline in form after losing to Birmingham in 2011 is another memorable example. Maybe these salient memories are the basis of the intuition? Usually, any dip in form - if there is one - is minor; Tottenham were beaten finalists in 2015 – they recorded 1.69 points before the final and 1.67 afterwards. The same minor difference was observed in 2017 (Southampton), 2018 (Arsenal) and 2020 (Aston Villa).

Perhaps this is another one for the football myths list!

Another Team Time Trial Format

8/3/2023

 
By John Considine
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Yesterday, for the first time in 20 years, there was a particular format to a team time trial in professional road cycling.  The difference was that the team time trial was based on the first rider over the line rather than the fourth or fifth rider.  This changed the calculus and strategy of the teams.  It also reduced the potential penalty for a good rider on a relatively weaker team.
 
The week-long race from Paris to Nice pits two of the best, if not the two best, riders against each other.  It is possible to make the case that either Tadej Pogacar or Jonas Vingegaard is the best rider in the world.  However, there is little doubt that Vingegaard has the better team in his Jumbo-Visma teammates.  This was illustrated yesterday in the team tactics.  UAE-Team Emirates riders did as much work as they could for Pogacar before leaving him finish the stage alone.  By contrast, Vingegaard crossed the line with two teammates and all three had a faster time than Pogacar.  This tilted the advantage to Vingegaard but the gap would have been bigger if Pogacar had to wait for a few of his teammates to cross the line with him.
 
Last year I wrote about how the 2022 version of La Vuelta provided an ideal set of illustrations for economists.  Within that stage race there was individual time trial where individuals had to optimise like the textbook Robinson Crusoe on his island, there was a team time trial that presented individuals with a cooperation problem, and the majority of road stages involved a combination of competition and cooperation.  The team time trial differentiated the 2022 La Vuelta from the other Grand Tours of 2022.  The warm reception to yesterday’s format change suggests that the experiment will be repeated.  More illustrations for economists.

Importing Horse Racing

6/3/2023

 
By Robbie Butler

The League of Ireland returned to action last month and has reported some impressive attendance figures. However, while these numbers are showing a slight upward trend, attendance at Ireland’s national league has never recovered to the heights of the 1950s and 1960s. The decline coincides with the arrival of English football on television screens, the growth of European competition and the birth of Match of the Day.

Viewership of yesterday’s Premier League game between Liverpool and Manchester United eclipses the weekly demand for all domestic league matches. In general, Irish football fans “import” the game.

In some respects, Great Britain is doing the same. Not with football of course, but horse racing. The Cheltenham Festival – the most prestigious and valuable national hunt event of the calendar year – will start next week. 28 races are held over four days.

In times past, English trained horses dominated the Festival with few winners from outside. For example, in 1989, there was not a single Irish trained winner. Excluding 2001, when there was no Festival (due to foot and mouth disease), this is the last time this has occurred.
​
Times have changed. The Prestbury Cup - celebrating the annual challenge between Great Britain and Ireland for Festival winners – is now dominated by Ireland. The “away side” won 18-10 in 2022. And the trend is very much upwards.
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Source: https://www.cheltenhambettingoffers.com/festival/stats/british-vs-irish-at-cheltenham/
Irish trained horses are currently ante-post favourites for 20 of the 28 Festival races. If the Irish horses did not travel, the event would be greatly reduced in quality. The opposite is not the case of Ireland’s leading Festivals where English horses travel in small numbers, if at all.  

The Cheltenham Specials offered by bookmaker Paddy Power also demonstrate the power of the Irish hand. They estimate that there is almost a 60% chance that Irish trained horses will win 2 races in every 3. Two Irish trainers are odds-on to saddle 5 and 10 winners respectively.
​
British racing is now importing much of its appeal from Ireland, in the same way Irish football fans import the game from Britain. The difference is that horses can travel to run where they wish; football clubs cannot play where they wish. Wimbledon and Dublin learned that lesson in the late 1990s. 

Spending Per Trophy In The Premier League

28/2/2023

 
By Robbie Butler

As expected, Manchester City manager Pep Guardiola wasn't too pleased to see Manchester United win their first trophy in six seasons at the weekend. Speaking to the media, Guardiola cited United's spending on players since 2017/18 and said "Sooner or later it should happen, shouldn’t it?."

Referring to their spending the City manager went on to say "It's normal, they're in the position they normally should be. The reality is that two teams, Liverpool and ourselves, have done incredibly well in the numbers".

Pep has a point too. Since United won the Europa League in 2017, the club has had a net spent of -£764.3. Over this time, other Premier League clubs have won 22 trophies at domestic, European and world club levels.

The data below below demonstrate just how expensive the EFL Cup has been for United and illustrates net spend per trophy won from the 2017/18 season to 2022/23, for the six successful clubs.
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Source: https://www.transfermarkt.co.uk/premier-league/fuenfjahresvergleich/wettbewerb/GB1
Of course, if more trophies follow, the price per trophy will rapidly decline. That will only become clearer as the season unfolds. 

Car Insurance And Television Subscriptions

24/2/2023

 
By Robbie Butler

Each March I need to renew my car insurance. This week my quote arrived in the post and unsurprisingly the 2023 charge was €40 higher than 2022. This despite making no claim – loyalty is punished. A quick search of the internet and I found a different insurer at almost €80 cheaper. So, for the 6th time in 18 years, I have changed my car insurer.

In the same period, I have changed my phone provider just once, my television provider once and have never changed my health insurance provider.

Greater competition in the car insurance market helps, but there is competition, or at least the illusion of competition, in health, phone, and television markets, even if it is not as deep.

The key difference for me is the contract default.

At the end of the 12-month period with my car insurance, if I do nothing, the relationship with the insurance provider simply ends. So, to break-up, silence is all that is required from me. This is why I am on my 6th provider.

With the other utilities, as the annual renewal date approaches, I may be contacted (as is the case with health insurance) but if I do nothing, the cover simply roles over to the next year. Breaking up requires action from me.

Television subscription is even worse. I recently had a conversation with my provider as I sought to reduce my bill and was met with the phrase “Oh yeah, you can. You are out of contract”. But despite this being the case, to end the “contract” I was “out of”, considerable effort was required.

The same companies, often engage in asymmetric starting and termination processes. For example, it was possible to upgrade my television sports package online with a simple click. Termination, despite being “out of contract” required a phone call of more than 20 minutes (part on hold/part talking) and conversations with two people, and an “explanation”. Such practices should end.

If customers can buy online, termination must be permitted in the same fashion e.g., the same click of a button.
​
If all utilities and subscriptions were forced to adopt the car insurance model – termination requires no action from the buyer – customers would generally be in a better place. People would switch providers more often, as the cost of changing would fall dramatically, and greater value for money would result.

ESEA PhD Workshop

22/2/2023

 
By Robbie Butler

Prior to the ESEA Conference, the annual PhD Workshop will take place from the afternoon of Monday the 21st of August to Wednesday the 23rd of August.

This event will be led by Dr Alex Farnell (NUI Maynooth) in collaboration with the UCC team (Dr John Eakins, Dr David Butler and Dr Robert Butler) and Dr Katrin Scharfenkamp (Bielefeld).Interested PhD students who want to participate in the workshop can register on the conference webpage.  The provisional structure to the PhD workshop is below. Closer to the date, the lecturers will send an e-mail with the most up to date and detailed information to the workshop participants. If you plan to participate, please ensure to register for the conference and the PhD workshop. 

The workshop will see a focus on applied econometrics (based on PhD stage) and wider discussions on research idea development and handling submission outcomes. In addition, a special ‘meet the editors’ session will be held and students will get an opportunity to ask questions.  

MONDAY 21ST AUGUST 2023 
12.30 – 14.30   Registration – Local Organisers 
14.30 – 17.00   Meet-and-Greet, Introduction & Breakout Groups (Research Idea Formation) – Led by Dr Alex Farnell and Dr David Butler 
  
TUESDAY 22ND AUGUST 2023 
9.00 – 13.00    Applied Econometrics Classes (Early-Stage PhD and Later-Stage PhD) – Led by Dr Alex Farnell and Dr John Eakins 
13.00 – 14.30 Lunch 
14.30 – 16.30 Decision on Submission: Reflections on Rejection, Revisions & Acceptance – Led by Dr Alex Farnell and Dr David Butler 
16.30 – 17.30 Meet the Editors: Questions and Answers – moderated by Dr Robert Butler 
18.00 – 20.00 PhD Dinner   

WEDNESDAY 23RD AUGUST 2023 
9.00 – 12.00   Culminating Presentations & Conclusion – Led by Dr Alex Farnell and Dr Katrin Scharfenkamp 
12.00 – 13.00   Lunch 
14.00 – 15.30   ESEA Conference Registration 

​For specific questions related to the workshop please contact Dr Katrin Scharfenkamp (katrin.scharfenkamp@uni-bielefeld.de)

A Winners Medal For Losing?

20/2/2023

 
By Robbie Butler

Recently Liam Lenten and Graham Kendall published "Scholarly sports: Influence of social science academe on sports rules and policy" in the Journal of the Operational Research Society. The duo had previously collaborated in 2017 in the European Journal of Operational Research with "When sports rules go awry". The latter paper provides a really nice overview of rule changes, made across a wide variety of sports, that resulted in unintended consequences. 

Something related to this is at play in English football. Next weekend sees the first domestic silverware presented - the Carabao Cup Final. Manchester United will go head-to-head with Newcastle United. While the Red Devils are experiencing a trophy drought by their standards (the last success was the Europa League under Jose Mourinho back in 2017), Newcastle have not won a major trophy since 1995.

The interesting dynamic this weekend, centres on Newcastle United goalkeeper Martin Dúbravka. The Slovakian international was first choice goalkeeper at Newcastle from 2018 to 2022. At the start of the 2022/23 season he lost his place to Nick Pope. Rather than sit on the bench for Newcastle, Dúbravka decided to go out on loan. He destination - none other than Manchester United. 

His move had the same result. The subs bench. But this time for Man United. However, he did make two appearances for United, both in the Carabao Cup.

League rules stipulate that players cannot represent more than one club in the competition. When Dúbravka returned to Newcastle in January, following the end of his loan agreement with United, he was aware he could not represent Newcastle in the competition. Little did he know the clubs would meet in the final.

At full-time on Sunday, the winners (whoever that will be) will receive 30 medals. 19 are for players and 11 for staff. Dúbravka who will be part of the Newcastle group (he cannot be named in the squad) is eligible for a winners medal...but only if Manchester United win. So his medal haul can be added to, but only if his current club lose.

The man himself has made the situation clear however. He said yesterday "I played two games for Manchester United, so I knew that I can't play in the final...It’s a very strange situation for me...It will be very difficult to watch this game. I’ve been asked about it a lot, but of course I want Newcastle to win because I’ve spent so many years here and I’m very grateful for the chance the club gave me in English football".
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