By Robbie Butler,

It was recently reported (see here and here) that UEFA intend to hold a discussion about the future of the "away goals" rule in European club competitions. Introduced in the mid-1960s, the rule is used as a tie-breaker where, in the event a two-legged match remains level, goals scored away from home count double. For example, if Team A and Team B drew 1-1 in the first leg (with Team A at home), and 2-2 in the second leg (with Team B at home), the 3-3 deadlock would be broken by virtue of the fact that Team A's 2 away goals exceeds Team B's single away goal.

Football has changed dramatically since the 1960s, with coaches and managers now suggesting that scoring away from home is not as hard as it once was. The costs associated with travel have collapsed in recent years, while labour mobility has shot up. Once unknown and distance places are much easier to now play in. Those in favour of the move also argue that an unintended consequence of the rule, is actually more defensive play, with teams afraid to concede away goals. Similar rule changes in rugby, to encourage more tries with the use of a bonus point, have had the same perverse effect. 

What does the data suggest? Below are the number of away goals scored in the UEFA Champions League, since the move in 2003/4 to the current competition structure. ​

The coaches and managers appear to be right. The most recent competition in 2017/18 saw the greatest number of away goals (44). This is six more the the previous record of 38 set during the 2013/14 competition. The trend is also upward, with the three lowest totals since 2003/4 reported in 2006, 2008 and 2012. Just 20 goals were scored away from home during the 2005/6 knock-out stage, less than half of last years' total.

In the months ahead it will be interesting to see what UEFA decide to do. A removal of the rule will allow for a nice comparisons in the years ahead, to see if teams (especially those are home) become more offensive. 

By Sean O'Connor

Beginning in 1989, the now annual Football Association of Ireland (FAI) Awards night is a time to celebrate Ireland’s stand-out players across various underage categories. Over its lifespan this ceremony has recognised the achievements of players, both males and female, from U-15 level, all the way up to those who have represented the Republic of Ireland at senior level.

It’s interesting to note the regional distribution of awards over the previous 28 ceremonies. While this post only focuses on the distribution of awards given to males, a future post will examine the distribution of awards for females. In total data is collected for awards given over the last 28 ceremonies, for U-15, U-16, U-17, U-19, U-21, Young Senior International of the Year and Senior International of the Year. As certain awards were not awarded in 1989, a total of 135 separate players of the year awards have been given across the various categories. Figure 1 charts the share of awards by region of birth for those who won player of the year from U-15 to U-21.

As can be seen, at underage level Dublin dominates the distribution of awards given to players, followed by players born in England. Readers may notice that one African born player on the list. This is Noe Baba, the former Fulham youth player who was awarded U-16 player of the year.
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The second graph charts the Regional Distribution of players who have won either the Young Senior or Senior Player of the Year award.

Similar to underage awards we note a strong concentration of Player of the Year awards in Dublin. Although not as pronounced as it is at underage level, we see that over 40% of player of the year awards are given to a player who has been born in Dublin.

Perhaps these findings shouldn’t be all that surprising. For instance, Dublin is Ireland’s most populous region and arguably the area where football is most popular. Therefore, it would be fair to assume that Dublin would have the largest share of awards given out.

However, those of a sceptical nature may look at the distribution of awards and ask a number of questions. Firstly, how are winners of these awards chosen? A search online doesn’t provide any indication but one might assume that it is some kind of committee which chooses the winners of these awards. If this is the case, that a committee or a number of individuals provide input into this selection, it would be interesting to know the regional distribution of these decision makers. For instance, perhaps these decision makers are all based or are from Dublin, hence the large representation of the region in the figures above. Of course, it may just be the case that players born in Dublin are better at Football than others, a theory the Dublin Men and Ladies Gaelic Football teams might agree with.

By Robbie Butler,

While the annual majors in golf are widely anticipated, it is probably this month's biennial event that is most coveted in the sport. On Friday the 28th of September, the Ryder Cup will return to our television screens from Le Golf National, Albatros Course, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Paris, France.

It is the first time that France has hosted the three-day event, and only the third time in the history of European staged-events that the tournament has left the United Kingdom. The two previous times being Spain (1997) and Ireland (2006). It is to Ireland that I now turn.

There is speculation that the 2026 Ryder Cup could return to Ireland, with Adare Manor a possible location. In terms of major sporting events, the Ryder Cup is on the boundary of what Ireland should be attempting to host. The 2006 event is widely regarded as a success .

While state support is probably necessary, this would be nowhere near the scale required for the 2023 Rugby World Cup, which the island unsuccessfully bid for. The three-day golf tournament would require some capital investment, as well as temporary overlay, but nothing like the government promised support for our most recent mega-event bid. 

The Shannon region is reasonably well equipped at this point in time, and fulfils one of the major European Tour requirements for hosting - a major international airport. The airport is also importantly connected to the US.  Owner of Adare Mannor JP McManus has said it is his "dream" to see Adare Manor host the Ryder Cup.

I for one hope his dream becomes a reality. 

By John Considine

There are two recently published papers that take a closer look at the way competition is measured in sport.  Both papers suggest we need to look beyond/under the more commonly used measures.  Both papers ask us to think a bit more critically about the measures we use and the comparisons we make.  Both papers are worth reading - particularly for sports economists.

One paper is written by Hayley Jang, Young Hoon Lee and Rodney Fort.  It is published in Economic Inquiry.  They note that "Quite often, competitive balance is measured by some version of the standard deviation of winning percentage or by the behaviour of winning percentage in the tails of its distribution. But again, nearly nothing is known about the distribution of winning percentages in the first place".  They recommend analysis of the basic tests of the form of the distribution.  A neat illustration is presented where they point out that the North American Leagues exhibit negative skew (longer left tail) whereas the European Leagues exhibit positive skew.  Why is this important?  The negative skew in North American Leagues suggests the imbalance is due to the weaker teams whereas in Europe the opposite is the case.  There is some suggestions as to why this might be the case.

This first paper lends further support to the literature showing reduced competitive balance in European Soccer Leagues.  A similar finding appears in the second paper.

The second paper is written by Francisco Triguero Ruiz and Antionio Avila-Cano.  It is published in Applied Economics.  The paper examines various measures of competitive balance and proposes an alternative measure.  This alternative measure allows the calculation from ideal competitive balance in "distance" terms.  As a result, it facilitates comparisons between competitions with different numbers of teams and games.  Section II and III provide some technical comparison on measures.  There is also a nice appendix providing calculations of various measures for the top European leagues for the last two decades.

By David Butler

Over the last few weeks there has been plenty of talk in the media on the Form vs. Experience debate in the build up to the Ryder Cup – this got me thinking about rookie performance in the competition..

The 2018 events features eight rookies. Five are from Europe (Tyrrell Hatton, Tommy Fleetwood, Jon Rahm, Alex Norén and Thorbjørn Olesen) and three are from the U.S (Justin Thomas, Bryson DeChambeau and Tony Finau).
What can be expected of the newcomers? Below are some basic stats and specifics based on the data since 1979.

- In total, 151 rookies have featured in the competition since the 1979 event in West Virginia. 71 are European and 80 are from the U.S. The highest number debuted in 1979 (14 newcomers) and the fewest in 1985 (just 5 newcomers). While there has always been a new face for both sides, four Ryder Cups have seen a Captain choose just one rookie: José Rivero (1985), Ronan Rafferty (1989), David Duval (1999) and Nicolas Colsaerts (2012).

- Larry Nelson’s 1979 Ryder Cup tally of 5 points is still the best ever haul by a rookie since the competition was extended to include continental European golfers, albeit he was given the opportunity to reach this points total. Thomas Pieter’s tally of 4 points is the second best total for a rookie and best European rookie total. In fact, Europe’s 2016 rookie average is masked by Pieter’s excellent performance as other newcomers to the competition such as Danny Willett, Andy Sullivan and Matthew Fitzpatrick all failed to gain even half a point.

- On average the U.S rookies have outperformed the European ones. From 1979 to 2016, the average U.S rookie point total is 1.67 in comparison to 1.33 for the Europeans.

- The last two Ryder Cups have seen leading rookie performances from U.S players. In 2014 Jimmy Walker (2.5), Jordan Spieth (2.5) and Patrick Reed (3.5) put in the best rookie performance on average. The second best was in 2016 by Brooks Koepka (3) and Ryan Moore (2). The third best performance was by the European rookies in 1987: Gordon Brand, Jnr (1.5) and José María Olazábal (3).

Although the U.S didn’t win in Gleneagles in 2014, their rookies haven’t left them down over the past two competitions. The pressure will be on Justin Thomas, Bryson DeChambeau and Tony Finau to keep this going. For the Europeans, the five rookies will have to avoid drawing blanks like last time out when three players failed to even get a half point. This also happened in 99 when Sandelin, van de Velde and Coltart all failed to get on the scoreboard. 

By John Eakins

Eurostat, which is the official statistical agency of the European Union, provides a wealth of information relating to the economic, social and general activities and conditions of European countries. It has also begun to focus on collecting more statistical information relating to sports activities, which the organisation themselves state is due “to its growing impact on Europe's economy and society”. The web page of which of Eurostat’s sports statistics can be accessed here.

In perusing the various web pages I came across an interesting recent survey carried out by Eurostat. They asked inhabitants of a number of European cities to state their degree of satisfaction with the city’s sports facilities. The actual question was as follows: “Generally speaking, please tell me if you are very satisfied, rather satisfied, rather unsatisfied, or not at all satisfied with the sports facilities in your city, such as sport fields and indoor sport halls?" The survey was carried out in 2015 and the full results can be accessed online here.

What is interesting is that Dublin (the only Rep. of Ire city in the survey) fairs very well in comparison to other European cities. The figure below shows the level of satisfaction with sports facilities in EU capital cities as a percentage of the resident population. Dublin lies joint 4th with Prague and is only behind Luxembourg, Helsinki and Amsterdam. If we just look at the ‘very satisfied’ percentages Dublin lies 3rd overall. It is therefore ahead of the likes of London, Paris and Berlin, cities which have hosted or are due to host events such as the Olympics and the Football World Cup.

By Robbie Butler,

What do Andrea Iniesta, Christen Eriksen, Radamel Falcao and Fyodor Smolov all have in common?

The answer is that each took the opening penalty kick in one of the four shootouts at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. What is more interesting is that all four ended on the losing side. For those familiar with penalty shootouts, and recent rule changes, it should come as a surprise that the team kicking first lost on all four occasions.

Why?

Last October, I wrote about rules changes that have been initiated by some football associations, including the Football Association (FA), altering the structure of the penalty shootout. The traditional ABAB sequence (where team A shoots first, followed by Team B, back to Team A, and so on) has been replaced by ABBAA system.The need for this change was highlighted by a 2010 paper in the American Economic Review by Jose Apesteguia and Ignacio Palacios-Huerta called Psychological Pressure in Competitive Environments: Evidence from a Randomized Natural Experiment.

The authors demonstrate that the team kicking first, had a persistent and statistically significant advantage, winning roughly 60% of the time. The 2018 World Cup goes against these findings. Our course, with a sample size of just 4 this is entirely possible. The 60/40 split from the 2010 study is based on  a data-set comprising 1,343 penalty kicks from 129 penalty shoot-outs over the period from 1970 to 2003. 

It begs the question however, if the sample was increased or decreased how would the results change? If we had data on 5,000 shootouts would a statistically significant result prevail? 

 By David Butler
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This post is a follow up to an entry on League of Ireland (LOI) clubs in the Champions League. Here, I look at the UEFA Cup/Europa League performances since 2003. Various competition changes to the qualification process have been enacted over this time so again I've tried to simplify the structure down to make it amenable to analysis. 

Since 2003 most LOI clubs have not encountered too much difficulty in the first qualification stage. St Patricks Athletic have progressed the most. On my count, 21 LOI clubs have progressed from 36 fixtures. 

​The second phase is often a stumbling block. Since 2003 only 8 out of 25 clubs have progressed. In 14/15 all three first round entrants reached the second round of qualification, but all were defeated. Recently, AEK Larnaca put pay to both Cork City and Dundalk, with neither club scoring a goal over the two legs. The table shows the results from round two qualification fixtures.

The LOI record for the teams entering the third qualifying/playoff phases is generally weak, save Shamrock Rover's memorable performances. In most ties the LOI club was defeated, typically because they were coming up against a far superior opponent such as PSG, Hertha BSC or Juventus to name but a few. Goals are few and far between here and in ten away legs no goals were scored by the LOI club

In 2016, Dundalk were guaranteed a place in the group stage of the competition, by the virtue of reaching the play-off round of the Champions League. They really improved on Shamrock Rovers 11/12 group stage performances, collecting 4 points. 

By John Considine

Over the last few weeks a couple of chickens have come home to roost.  In July, Ronaldo settled a case involving taxation (here).  This week Jose Mourinho did likewise (here).  These cases had been in the pipeline for a few years (here and here).  Anyone looking for a little more detail could do worse than to read Football Leaks: Uncovering the Dirty Deals Behind the Beautiful Game (it is reviewed in the Book Review page on this website).  The book is a good account of much of what can be found on the associated website.

The authors of the book discuss the tax cases involving, what they call, the big three in football.  The big three are Ronaldo, Mourinho, and Jorge Mendes.  Presiding over the cases is Judge Monica Gomez Ferrer.  She is the one who makes the football celebrities face up to their fiscal responsibilities.  The authors contrast the courthouse where this happens with the mansions of the Real Madrid stars.  It is the location of these mansions that brings the big three to the court of Judge Ferrer.  "La Finca is a luxury neighbourhood full of mansions with swimming pools in the north-west of the Spanish capital, only half an hour from Real's training ground" (p260).

The chapter documenting these details also contains material about Modric, Neymar, Coutinho, and a gallery of other top footballers.  It well worth a read.

By Robbie Butler

We have just returned from a very successful European Sport Economics Association annual conference, which was hosted this year by the School of Management at the University of Liverpool. 

This was the 10th such gathering of sports economists and the event appears to be in very good health, with a diverse range of topics presented, across a wide spectrum of sports.

Amongst other things discussed, the annual general meeting confirmed that the 2019 European Sport Economics Association (ESEA) Conference will be held in Gijon, Spain. For those familiar with the field, Gijon has hosted a very successful annual conference for more than a decade and no doubt the 11th instalment of the ESEA will be just as successful. It is also likely that the 2020 gathering will head to Finland for the first time. 

As has become the norm, the International Journal of Sport Finance will be running a special issue of conference papers. Full details of submission can be found here.

Among the highlights was a keynote address on Friday afternoon by Prof Ian McHale of the University of Liverpool. Prof McHale provided an insight into his attempts to develop a player rating system using analytics. It essentially creates a mechanism to weight the marginal benefit of each player, relative to any other in that position, and simulates outcomes based on these changes. 

Given his impact in the wider sports industry to date, and player rating systems, this is certainly an area to watch.